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Statue of Edward I from York MinsterTitles and styles The King
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16 November 1272 – 7 July 1307 Coronation 19 August 1274 Predecessor: Henry III Successor: Edward II Consort: Eleanor of Castile (1290) Marguerite of France (1299–) among others Issue:
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Royal house | House of Plantagenet |
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Father | Henry III |
Mother | Eleanor of Provence |
Born | 17 June1239(1239-06-17)
Palace of Westminster, London |
Died | 7 July1307
(aged 68)
Burgh by Sands, Cumberland |
Burial | Westminster Abbey, London |
Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July1307), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as "Edward the Lawgiver" or "the English Justinian" because of his legal reforms, and as "Hammer of the Scots",[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and tried (but failed) to do the same to Scotland. He reigned from 1272 to 1307, ascending the throne of England on 20 November 1272 after the death of his father, King Henry III. His mother was queen consort Eleanor of Provence.
Edward's royal motto was pactum serva, 'Keep troth'. He was voted
the 92nd greatest Briton in the 2002 poll of 100
Greatest Britons.
Contents |
Edward's first marriage (age 15) was arranged in 1254 by his father and Alfonso X of Castile. Alfonso had insisted that Edward receive grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year and also asked to knight him; Henry had already planned a knighthood ceremony for Edward but conceded. Edward crossed the Channel in June, and was knighted by Alfonso and married to Eleanor of Castile (age 13) on 1 November 1254 in the monastery of Las Huelgas.
Eleanor and Edward would go on to have sixteen children, and her death in 1290 affected Edward deeply. He displayed his grief by erecting the Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night. His second marriage, (age 60) at Canterbury on September 10 1299, to Marguerite of France, (age 17) (known as the "Pearl of France" by her English subjects), the daughter of King Philip III of France (Phillip the Bold) and Maria of Brabant, produced three children.
In 1258,
Henry was forced by his barons to accede to the Provisions
of Oxford. This, in turn, led to Edward becoming more aligned with
the barons and their promised reforms, and on 15
October 1259
he announced that he supported the barons' goals. Shortly afterwards Henry
crossed to France for peace negotiations, and Edward took the opportunity
to make appointments favouring his allies. An account in Thomas
Wykes's chronicle claims Henry learned that Edward was plotting against
the throne; Henry, returning to London in the spring of 1260,
was eventually reconciled with Edward by Richard
of Cornwall's efforts. Henry then forced Edward's allies to give up
the castles they had received and Edward's independence was sharply curtailed.
English Royalty |
---|
House of Plantagenet |
Armorial of Plantagenet |
Edward I |
Joan, Countess of Gloucester |
Alphonso, Earl of Chester |
Edward II |
Thomas, Earl of Norfolk |
Edmund, Earl of Kent |
Edward's character greatly contrasted with that of his father, who reigned over England throughout Edward's childhood and consistently tended to favour compromise with his opponents. Edward had already shown himself as an ambitious and impatient man, displaying considerable military prowess in defeating Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, having previously been imprisoned by de Montfort at Wallingford Castle and Kenilworth Castle. He gained a reputation for treating rebels and other foes with great savagery. He relentlessly pursued the surviving members of the de Montfort family, his cousins.
The number of knights and retainers that accompanied Edward on the crusade was quite small, possibly around 230 knights, other sources stating 1,000.[5] Many of the members of Edward's expedition were close friends and family including his wife Eleanor of Castile, his brother Edmund, and his first cousin Henry of Almain.
The original goal of the crusade was to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre, but Louis had been diverted to Tunis. By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Louis had died of disease. The majority of the French forces at Tunis thus returned home, but a small number joined Edward who continued to Acre to participate in the Ninth Crusade. After a short stop in Cyprus, Edward arrived in Acre with thirteen ships. Then, in 1271, Hugh III of Cyprus arrived with a contingent of knights.
The arrival of the additional forces of Hugh III of Cyprus further emboldened Edward, who engaged in a raid on the town of Qaqun. At the end of October 1271, the Mongol troops requested by Edward arrived in Syria and ravaged the land from Aleppo southward. Abagha, occupied by other conflicts in Turkestan could only send 10,000 Mongol horsemen under general Samagar from the occupation army in SeljukAnatolia, plus auxiliary Seljukid troops, but they triggered an exodus of Muslim populations (who remembered the previous campaigns of Kithuqa) as far south as Cairo.[7]
When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on November 12th, the Mongols had already retreated beyond the Euphrates, but these unsettling events allowed Edward to negotiate a ten year peace treaty with the Mamluks.
At this point Edward was forced to return to England, having heard of his father's death. He remained in communication with the Mongols, and when a delegation was sent by Abagha to the Second Council of Lyons in 1274, the Mongol embassy visited Edward after the Council on January 28, 1275. A letter from Edward is known, in which he acknowledges Abagha's promise to fight together with the Crusaders.[8]
Overall, Edward's crusade was rather insignificant and only gave the city of Acre a reprieve of ten years. However, Edward's reputation was greatly enhanced by his participation in the crusade and was hailed by some contemporary commentators as a new Richard the Lionheart. Furthermore, some historians believe Edward was inspired by the design of the castles he saw while on crusade, such as Krak des Chevaliers, and incorporated similar features into the castles he built to secure portions of Wales, such as Caernarfon Castle.
He was also largely responsible for the Tower of London in the form we see today, including notably the concentric defences, elaborate entranceways, and the Traitor's Gate.
He initially intended to call himself Edward IV, recognising the three Saxon kings of England of that name. However, for unknown reasons, this designation does not appear to have been formally used, the King instead being known as 'King Edward' not only by custom (for a King would generally not be known by his regal designation in ordinary conversation), but in all known formal documentation. Upon the accession of his son, also named Edward, the custom of the old reign was taken as rule — the new King was named Edward II, and the old Edward I. Technically, then, this established the custom of numbering English monarchs only from the Norman Conquest (although Edward is the only name that has been shared by pre- and post-Conquest monarchs).
Llywelyn's younger brother, Dafydd (who had briefly been an ally of the English) started another rebellion in 1282. But Edward quickly destroyed the remnants of resistance, capturing, brutally torturing, and executing Dafydd in the following year. To consolidate his conquest, he commenced the construction of a string of massive stone castles encircling the principality, of which Caernarfon Castle provides a notable surviving example.
Wales became incorporated into England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301, Edward dubbed his eldest son Edward first Prince of Wales, since which time the eldest son of most English monarchs have borne the same title, the only exception being Edward III.
Edward presided over a feudal court held at the castle of Berwick-upon-Tweed in November 1292, where judgment was given in favour of John Balliol over other candidates. Balliol was chosen as the candidate with the strongest claim in feudal law, but Edward subsequently used the concessions he had gained to undermine the authority of the new king even summoning Balliol to do homage to him in Westminster in 1293. Edward also made it clear he expected John's military and financial support against France. This was too much for Balliol, who concluded a pact with France and prepared an army to invade England.
In response Edward gathered his largest army yet (25,000) and razed Berwick, massacring almost the whole population of 11,000 inhabitants. During the Scottish campaign, he made extensive use of a large trebuchet called the Warwolf.
After Berwick, he proceeded to Dunbar and Edinburgh from where the Stone of Destiny was removed and taken to Westminster Abbey. Balliol renounced the crown and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for three years before withdrawing to his estates in France. All freeholders in Scotland were required to swear an oath of homage to Edward, and he ruled Scotland like a province through English viceroys.
Opposition sprang up (see Wars of Scottish Independence), and Edward executed the focus of discontent, William Wallace, on 23 August 1305, having earlier defeated him at the Battle of Falkirk (1298).
Edward was known to be fond of falconry and horse riding. The names of his horses have survived: Lyard, his war horse; Ferrault his hunting horse; and his favourite, Bayard. At the Siege of Berwick, Edward is said to have led the assault personally, using Bayard to leap over the earthen defences of the city.
Edward's plan to conquer Scotland never came to fruition during his lifetime, however, as he died in 1307 at Burgh-by-Sands, Cumberland on the Scottish border, while on his way to wage another campaign against the Scots under the leadership of Robert the Bruce. According to chroniclers, Edward desired to have his bones carried on Scottish military campaigns, and that his heart be taken to the Holy Land. Against his wishes, Edward was buried in Westminster Abbey in a plain black marble tomb, which in later years was painted with the words Scottorum malleus, Latin for Hammer of the Scots.[9] He was buried in a lead casket wishing to be moved to the usual regal gold casket only when Scotland was fully conquered and part of the Kingdom of England.
On 2 January 1774, the Society of Antiquaries opened the coffin and discovered that his body had been perfectly preserved for 467 years. His body was measured to be 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm).[10]
To this day he still lies in the lead casket — although the thrones of Scotland and England were united in 1603 following the death of Elizabeth I and the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English throne, and the Kingdom of Great Britain was created in 1707 by the Acts of Union 1707, uniting Scotland and England in an incorporating union, the conquest Edward envisaged was never completed. His son, King Edward II of England, succeeded him.
After returning from the crusade in 1274, a major inquiry into local malpractice and alienation of royal rights took place. The result was the Hundred Rolls of 1275, a detailed document reflecting the waning power of the Crown. It was also the allegations that emerged from the inquiry which led to the first of the series of codes of law issued during the reign of Edward I. In 1275, the first Statute of Westminster was issued correcting many specific problems in the Hundred Rolls. Similar codes of law continued to be issued until the death of Edward's close adviser Robert Burnell in 1292.
Edward's personal treasure, valued at over a year's worth of the kingdom's tax revenue, was stolen by Richard of Pudlicott in 1306, leading to one of the largest criminal trials of the period.
The exact reason behind this expulsion has been a subject of some speculation, ritual murder being one such assertion in reference to the Jew, Isaac de Pulet, who was contained for the murder of a young Christian boy in Oxford. It has been also claimed, for example, that the persecution was for financial gain. But despite the fact that the Jewish community was thought to deal exclusively in moneylending, it is evident that by the time of Edward's reign, there was little left of the community to be made useful for the Crown financially. (Jews had been harshly squeezed by King John and Henry III). Furthermore, Edward I had adequate financial resources from the Italianbanking company of Frescobaldi before 1292, therefore there was virtually no financial motive behind Edward's persecution of the Jews.
The expulsion can also be viewed in the context of the 13th century's growing movement of anti-Jewish feeling; France, for example, had expelled all Jews from its cities. Edward's mother, Eleanor of Provence had expelled Jews from her estates in 1275. And it was Edward who introduced to England the practice of forcing Jews to wear denotive yellow patches on the outer garments, a practice to be taken up by Adolf Hitler over six centuries later.
"King Edward rejoiced greatly, and he was especially glad when Rabban Sauma talked about the matter of Jerusalem. And he said "We the kings of these cities bear upon our bodies the sign of the Cross, and we have no subject of thought except this matter. And my mind is relieved on the subject about which I have been thinking, when I hear that King Arghun thinketh as I think"In 1289, Arghun sent a third mission to Europe, in the person of Buscarel of Gisolfe, a Genoese who had settled in Persia. The objective of the mission was to determine at what date concerted Christian and Mongol efforts could start. Arghun committed to march his troops as soon as the Crusaders had disambarked at Saint-Jean-d'Acre. Buscarel was in Rome between July 15th and September 30th 1289. He was in Paris in November-December 1289. Buscarel then went to England to bring Arghun's message to Edward I. He arrived in London January 5, 1290. Edward, whose answer has been preserved, answered enthusiastically to the project but remained evasive and failed to make a clear commitment, probably because of the difficult internal situation with the Welsh and the Scots.[13] Edward sent a prominent English notable, Sir Geoffrey de Langley, to accompany Buscarel back to Persia.[14]—Account of the travels of Rabban Bar Sauma, Chap. VII.[12]
Arghun then sent a fourth mission to European courts in 1290, led by a certain Chagan or Khagan, who was accompanied by Buscarel of Gisolfe and a Christian named Sabadin.
All these attempts to mount a combined offensive failed, mainly because of the internal conflicts European monarchs had to deal with. On March 1291, Saint-Jean-d'Acre was conquered by the Mamluks in the Siege of Acre, and furthermore Arghun died on March 10th.
In March 1302, Edward I would again answer personally to Mongol proposals (this time from Ghazan), explaining that he welcomed combined actions but that he was caught up with conflicts at home:
"The wars that trouble Christiandom have blocked us for a long time from taking, as we would like, resolutions regarding the Holy Land. But when the Pope will have established favourable conditions, we will gladly commit all our forces to this enterprise, for which we wish a successful outcome, more than anything in the world."—Letter from Edward I to Ghazan, 12 March 1302, Westminster.[15]
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2. Henry III, King of England |
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Edward is unflatteringly depicted in several novels with a contemporary setting, including:
Edward is portrayed by Patrick McGoohan as a hard-hearted tyrant in the 1995 film Braveheart.
Edward I of EnglandHouse of PlantagenetBorn: 17 June 1239Died: 7 July 1307 | ||
Regnal titles | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by
Henry III |
King
of England
1272 – 1307 |
Succeeded by
Edward II |
English royalty | ||
Preceded by
Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall |
Heir
to the English Throne
as heir apparent 17 June1239 - 20 November 1272 |
Succeeded by
Henry of England |
Peerage of England | ||
Preceded by
Henry III |
Lord
of Ireland
1272 – 1307 |
Succeeded by
Edward II |
Preceded by
Matthew de Hastings |
Lord
Warden of the Cinque Ports
1265 |
Succeeded by
Sir Matthew de Bezille |
French nobility | ||
Preceded by
Henry III |
Duke
of Aquitaine
1272 – 1307 |
Succeeded by
Edward II |
Family information | ||
---|---|---|
John
of England
House of Plantagenet
|
Henry III of England | Edward I of England |
Isabella
of Angoulême
House of Taillifer
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Ramon
Berenguer IV of Provence
House of Barcelona
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Eleanor of Provence | |
Beatrice
of Savoy
House of Savoy
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Monarchs
of England (pre-Conquest)
Alfred the Great • Edward the Elder • Ælfweard • Athelstan • Edmund the Magnificent • Edred • Edwy the Fair • Edgar the Peaceable • Edward the Martyr • Ethelred the Unready • Sweyn Forkbeard • Edmund Ironside • Canute • Harold Harefoot • Harthacanute • Edward the Confessor • Harold Godwinson • Edgar the Atheling Monarchs of England (post-Conquest) William I the Conqueror • William II Rufus • Henry I • Stephen • Matilda • Henry II • Richard I the Lionheart • John • Henry III • Edward I Longshanks • Edward II • Edward III • Richard II • Henry IV Bolingbroke • Henry V • Henry VI • Edward IV • Edward V • Richard III • Henry VII • Henry VIII • Edward VI • Jane • Mary I • Elizabeth I • James I • Charles I • Republic • Charles II • James II • William III & Mary II • William III • Anne |
Persondata | |
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NAME | Edward I of England |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Longshanks, Hammer of the Scots |
SHORT DESCRIPTION | King of England |
DATE OF BIRTH | 17 June1239 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | Palace of Westminster, London |
DATE OF DEATH | 7 July1307 |
PLACE OF DEATH | Burgh by Sands, Cumberland |